TNF and Cognitive impairment: Moreover, the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα were also elevated in patients with long COVID-19 and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, defined as persistent symptoms beyond four weeks after acute infection, including fatigue, exercise intolerance, cognitive impairment, and respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, which may last for months and range from mild to debilitating [65,70].