S100B and infection: After 12 weeks post-infection, Telser et al. [79] found no changes in the NfL and GFAP in long-COVID-19 patients, while Wallensten et al. [81] reported increased levels in GFAP in extracellular vesicles and S100β that peaked at 4 months and returned to normal levels at 12 months post-infection (Table 6).