IPA from SIV- to SIV+ comparison showed enrichment of pathways such as hypercytokinemia/hyperchemokinea in viral infection (CASP1, CXCL10, IFIT3, IL1RN, IRF7, IRF9, ISG15, MX1, OAS2), pathogen-induced cytokine storm signaling (CCL7, CD163, CGAS, CXCL10, CXCL11, SPI1, DHX58, TLR1, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8), and interferon signaling (CCL7, CD86, ICAM1, JAK2, LAT2, MYD88, NLRC5) (Figure 1B). Here, ISG15 is linked to viral infectious disease.