Similarly, enhancing mitophagy through pharmacological agents such as PINK1/Parkin activators (e.g., spermidine, urolithin A), mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin), NAD+ precursors, and AMPK/SIRT1 activators has demonstrated neuroprotective effect in preclinical PD models, including improved mitochondrial quality control, reduced neuroinflammation, and preservation of dopaminergic neurons [113,174,175]. Here, MTOR is linked to Parkinson disease.