FDX1 and ovarian carcinoma: To investigate the relationship between cuproptosis and complex IV in ovarian cancer, we initially employed the online analysis platform UALCAN (https://ualcan.path.uab.edu/index.html, accessed on 7 October 2025), which revealed that cuproptosis marker protein FDX1 is significantly overexpressed in ovarian cancer tissues (Figure 4A) [16].