TNF and chronic kidney disease: TNF-α is expressed in glomerular and tubular cells during inflammation [31], and elevated serum levels of TNF-α and soluble TNF receptors have been associated with the progression of kidney damage in different conditions, such as diabetic nephropathy, chronic kidney disease, aminoglycoside- and cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, and in ischemia–reperfusion kidney injury [32,33,34].