PINK1 and glioblastoma: In glioblastoma, loss of PINK1 enhances the Warburg effect by promoting ROS-dependent stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and reducing the activity of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2)—two key regulators of aerobic glycolysis—thereby facilitating metabolic reprogramming that supports malignant growth [94].