A significant up-regulation was observed for MDM2 (6.3-fold, p < 0.001), FKBP5 (7.0-fold, p < 0.001), and CTNNA1 (10.0-fold, p < 0.0001) in COPD patients compared to healthy controls (Figure 3A). The gene discussed is CTNNA1; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.