In addition, lactate activates the GPR81 receptor on lung cancer cells, reduces cAMP/PKA activity, attenuates Hippo-pathway–mediated inhibition of TAZ, and promotes TAZ nuclear translocation and interaction with TEAD transcription factors, thereby upregulating PD-L1 expression, impairing CD8+ T-cell function, and facilitating immune escape [119]. Here, CD274 is linked to lung cancer.