STUB1 and diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of 12,004 individuals without pre-existing renal disease demonstrated an age-dependent rise in CHIP prevalence, reaching 12.2% among participants over 70 years, and revealed that CHIP carriers had a significantly greater risk of kidney function decline, defined as a ≥30% reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), with a 17% increased risk (95% CI, 1–36%) after adjustment for age, sex, baseline eGFR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), and diabetes [118].