A total of 444 differentially expressed genes in rats with AF were identified, including AF-related mitophagy ion channel genes: BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator (BAX), catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1), dihydropyrimidinase like 2 (DPYSL2), epoxide hydrolase 1 (EPHX1), glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL), G protein subunit beta 2 (GNB2), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), MYC Proto-Oncogene, BHLH transcription factor (MYC), and TLR4 [92]. Here, TLR4 is linked to atrial fibrillation.