CDKN1C and hydatidiform mole: Although p57, E-cadherin, β-hCG, and Ki-67 have each been studied individually or combined in complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs), partial hydatidiform moles (PHMs), and hydropic abortions (HAs), reliance on a single marker is insufficient for consistently accurate classification because these lesions differ across genetic origin, trophoblastic differentiation, proliferative activity, and functional hormone production.