Furthermore, in the context of neurodegenerative pathology such as Alzheimer’s disease, PAI-1 protects mature neurons from excitotoxicity via the TGF-β1/Smad3 and TrkA/c-Jun pathways [100], and modulates aberrant migration in fragile X syndrome models [102]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.