PPARGC1A and glioblastoma: Second, while we identified enhanced PGE2 signaling, its direct impact on T-cell function—such as the suppression of IL-2 signaling, downregulation of c-Myc/PGC-1α, and the resultant impairment in oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis as reported in other cancers—remains to be experimentally validated in GBM.