C1QTNF3 and cardiac hypertrophy: Thus, overexpression of CTRP3 resulted in enhanced myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure following 4-week thoracic aorta banding in mice by increased activation of the transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-JNK pathways, whereas CTRP3 knockdown exerted beneficial effects by inhibiting these signalling pathways [251].