EPO and neoplasm: It is noteworthy that hypoxia-induced stabilization of HIF-1α activates the expression of many genes essential for tumor adaptation, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key mediator of angiogenesis, lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A), erythropoietin (EPO), glycolytic enzymes, and glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3, thereby promoting metabolic reprogramming.