Beyond β-cell secretion, vitamin D can enhance peripheral insulin action by influencing insulin receptor/signaling pathways and GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake, while also exerting anti-inflammatory effects (e.g., attenuation of NF-κB–dependent cytokines) that counteract the low-grade inflammatory milieu contributing to gestational insulin resistance [36]. The gene discussed is INSR; the disease is Insulin resistance.