XBP1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: While no significant changes were observed in apoptotic response regulators such as G protein-coupled receptor 78 (Hspa5) and X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) expression, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (Ddit3) mRNA expression was significantly increased in the NASH group (3.10 ± 0.14; p < 0.001).