INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In cancer, some miRNAs reported to be overexpressed enhance energy production and cell growth by targeting metabolic regulators or RNA-binding/splicing factors; conversely, other miRNAs—when downregulated—may impair insulin signaling or promote adipocyte hypertrophy, a mechanism relevant in metabolic diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes [72,73,74].