CAF-secreted TGF-β reprograms multiple tumor-associated immune populations by skewing tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) toward the protumorigenic, immunosuppressive N2 phenotype; polarizing tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) toward an M2 state that supports tumor growth, metastasis, and tissue remodeling; and suppressing effector T cell function while expanding Tregs, thereby fostering an immunosuppressive milieu that enables immune escape [25]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.