CSF1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: At the mechanism level, the phosphorylation of ZFP64 can induce the transcriptional activation of colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) in tumor cells, thereby promoting the recruitment and polarization of macrophages, enabling them to form the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype, and thereby mediating the resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in HCC.