CD274 and neoplasm: TPS is defined as the percentage of viable tumor cells showing membranous PD-L1 staining among all viable tumor cells, whereas CPS is calculated as the number of PD-L1–positive tumor cells, lymphocytes and macrophages divided by the total number of viable tumor cells, multiplied by 100; CPS is therefore a composite metric that integrates both tumor and immune-cell staining [119].