TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Notably, research on its core herb-pair combination (Bupleurum-Scutellaria-Paeonia decoction) demonstrates hepatoprotective effects in NAFLD rodent models through concurrent reductions in hepatic TG levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), key signaling mediators NF-κB and TLR4, and intestinal SIgA concentrations [180].