IGF1 and cholangiocarcinoma: In desmoplastic primary liver cancers, especially cholangiocarcinoma, scRNA-seq analyses identify cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) subsets in which IGFBP-6 transcripts are enriched within broader co-expression programs (“modules”) that include IGF/IGFBP-axis genes together with inflammatory and matrix-remodeling markers [39].