In liver cancer cells, HF dose-dependently induces mitochondrial ROS accumulation, activating JNK and p38 MAPK, and JNK inhibition by SP600125 has been shown to rescue HF-induced apoptosis, restore the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and downregulate cleaved caspase-3 [64]. Here, CASP3 is linked to hydrops fetalis.