NFKB1 and neoplasm: Collectively, this integrated model unifies HF’s anticancer mechanisms into a cohesive hierarchical network wherein p53 stabilization serves as the central regulatory node, amplified by parallel ROS/JNK and NF-κB signaling hubs, ultimately converging on apoptosis induction, proliferation arrest, and metastasis suppression with inherent tumor-selective cytotoxicity.