TNF and infection: One previous study reported elevated IL-10 levels in cord blood plasma from neonates born to mothers with recent or ongoing infection compared to those who had recently recovered, with no significant differences in IL-12, GM-CSF, IFN and TNF levels.30 Beyond their smaller sample size and differences in exposure group classifications, the narrower and distinct cytokine profile reported in this study may reflect their exclusive focus on cord blood plasma, which captures soluble cytokines only.