From a therapeutic perspective, these findings support the rationale for spatially targeted immunomodulation, for example, enhancing IL-15/IL-2 or Type I IFN signaling in T cell aggregates to potentiate local effector responses, or blocking GM-CSF/IL-3 signaling in tumor cores to prevent monocyte-to-TAM polarization and restore immunocompetence. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.