NPPB and gestational diabetes: These structural and histological alterations in GDM-exposed offspring were associated with overexpression of pathological hypertrophy markers, including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and myosin heavy chain 7 (MYH7) at the protein level in both male (Figure 2E) and female offspring (Figure 2F).