Furthermore, studies on orbital fibroblasts (OFs) indicate that the specific IGF-1R inhibitor Linsitinib effectively suppresses proliferation and HA secretion through a mechanism involving concurrent attenuation of PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways, providing novel pharmacological rationale for targeted therapy of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO, also known as GO) (Lee et al., 2024). Here, IGF1R is linked to thromboangiitis obliterans.