SMAD2 and Hepatic fibrosis: In the liver, ALKBH5-mediated demethylation of TIR domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) mRNA activates NF-κB and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase/Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 2 (JNK/Smad2) signaling, thereby promoting radiation-induced hepatic fibrosis; in contrast, in radiation-induced lung injury (RILI), evidence suggests that ALKBH5 suppresses inflammation by demethylating IL-6 mRNA [16, 17].