IFNA1 and urinary bladder carcinoma: The work of Zhang et al. (2010) provides a compelling mechanistic rationale for this approach, demonstrating that the downregulation of the type I-IFN receptor (IFNAR) in bladder cancer cells, which is a common mechanism of resistance to IFN-therapy, paradoxically sensitises these same cells to being killed by oncolytic viruses like VSV (Zhang et al. 2010).