Furthermore,neuroinflammatory responses were sexually dimorphic: MS males exhibited elevatedIL-6 and TNF-α expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus,whereas MS females showed increased Il-6 levels selectively in the striatum.Conclusions: These findings highlight the complex, region- andsex-dependent neurobiological consequences of ELS, underscoring the importance ofincluding both sexes in preclinical models to improve translational relevance forpsychiatric and neurodevelopmental research. Here, TNF is linked to myeloid sarcoma.