IFNG and tuberculosis: ,86 The clinical importance of airway fungi is further underscored by the high incidence of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and other Aspergillus-related diseases following TB and in NTM-PD, linking fungal ecology to structural lung damage and long-term morbidity across mycobacterial lung diseases.102‐104 In parallel, analyzes of fecal samples from untreated TB patients relative to healthy controls reveal fungal changes that occur alongside bacterial dysbiosis and correlate with host immune markers such as IFN-γ and IL-17, suggesting immunomodulatory roles of the mycobiome in TB.59