The altered expression of immunoregulatory genes, including Myd88, Nfkb, and Il17a, together with multiple genes related to intestinal barrier function (Cldn2, Ocln, and Cdh1) in the CIPO mouse colon raises the possibility that the CIPO microbiota activates innate immunity, leading to altered motility, as has been described in slow transit constipation.59 This evidence concerns the gene OCLN and chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction.