Future research will investigate the temporal progression of key events leading to liver pathology (Ghallab et al., 2021), while utilizing CYP1B1 knockout models (both in vivo and in vitro) and CYP1B1 pharmacological inhibition models to clarify the key targets linking ZEN exposure to NAFLD (Tung et al., 2024, Bushkofsky et al., 2016). The gene discussed is CYP1B1; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.