We validated these transcriptomic findings by IF staining for PKCδ, gp91-phox, and the macrophage marker IBA1 on surgical GBM specimens (n = 8), observing significantly higher gp91-phox levels in PKCδ+ macrophages than in PKCδ− counterparts (Figures 4H and 4I). Here, AIF1 is linked to glioblastoma.