VHL and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Patients with pVHL-low ccRCC exhibited significantly higher levels of HIF-1α (P = 0.001) and HIF-3α (P < 0.001) than those with pVHL-high ccRCC, whereas there was no significant difference in HIF-2α expression (P = 0.057) between pVHL-low and pVHL-high ccRCCs (Figure 2).