We demonstrated, for the first time, that plasma neurofilament light (NfL) and serum phosphorylated tau 181 (p-Tau 181) were identified as partial mediators, accounting for 7.3% and 5% of the association between impaired lung function and dementia risk, respectively, suggesting a potential biological pathway linking ILF to neurodegeneration. This evidence concerns the gene FOXK2 and dementia.