WFDC2 and renal fibrosis: Given that HE4 has been reported as a fibrosis-associated biomarker in renal fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and other fibrotic diseases [18,22,23], we hypothesize that HE4 may potentially serve as a biomarker for high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) in the future, enabling dynamic quantification of tumor stromal fibrotic progression and therapy resistance risk.