Consequently, systematic testing for Ma1/Ma3 in specialized laboratories may further advance cancer screening and prevent misdiagnosis because recent studies suggest that both sensitivity and specificity of commercial assays to detect Ma2 antibodies are low.20,30,31 Nevertheless, regardless of Ma1/2 positivity, cancer screening should not be limited to the pulmonary and urogenital systems. This evidence concerns the gene PNMA1 and cancer.