Furthermore, treatment with bafilomycin A1, which inhibits phagosome and lysosomal acidification by blocking the vacuolar ATPase pump [37–39], and chymostatin, an inhibitor of phagosomal proteases [40,41], each resulted in reduced IFNβ following infection with L. interrogans (Fig 2F). The gene discussed is IFNB1; the disease is infection.