For example, ELF3 promotes tumor development in breast, prostate, and lung cancers (Chang et al., 1997; Longoni et al., 2013; Enfield et al., 2019), whereas it suppresses tumorigenesis in bladder and oral squamous cancers (Iwai et al., 2008; The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, 2014). This evidence concerns the gene ELF3 and neoplasm.