GDF15 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The GDF15 level in the T2DM with MS group was higher than that in the T2DM group (p < 0.001); specifically, the median (interquartile range) of GDF15 in the T2DM with MS group was 494.86 (355.72, 925.77) pg/mL, compared with 266.47 (174.49, 405.09) pg/mL in the T2DM alone group.