INS and diabetes mellitus: Factors significantly associated with DR included reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) (aOR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.05–3.20; p = 0.033), insulin use (aOR = 0.523, 95% CI: 0.295–0.93; p = 0.039), and longer duration of diabetes (> 8 years) (aOR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.006–0.935; p = 0.040).