TNF and neoplasm: These cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-8, are typically involved in immune response and tissue repair; but in the context of cervical cancer, their dysregulated production leads to tumor promotion, immune suppression, and the establishment of a tumor microenvironment (TME) that favors tumor survival and metastasis[5,6].