Astroglial cells release S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) after TBI, and GFAP has been shown to associate with WM integrity (Shahim et al., 2020, Newcombe et al., 2022, Yue et al., 2019) in patients with mTBI. This evidence concerns the gene S100B and concussion.