TNF and COVID-19: IL-8 promotes lung injury by attracting neutrophils, while TNF-α drives endothelial activation and immune dysregulation.[24,25] In the context of COVID-19, the significant elevation of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in ICU patients (as demonstrated in a large cohort study by Del Valle et al[26]) strongly supports a pathophysiologic role for cytokine storm in driving severe disease.