ACE and left ventricular hypertrophy: The presence of the DD genotype has been associated with increased ACE enzyme activity, resulting in higher levels of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor that contributes to endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and plaque formation.[26–28] Additionally, the ACE DD genotype has been linked to left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, and stroke, further emphasizing its impact on cardiovascular pathology.[29,30]