TNF and breast cancer: Apoptosis induction is its most prominent antitumor mechanism: in breast cancer, it is mainly achieved by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway[54]; in colorectal cancer, by activating caspase-3 and regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway[55]; in cervical cancer, it has been newly discovered that it metabolizes the TNF signaling axis through AA.