IFNG and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Elevated IFN-γ levels can trigger autoimmune-mediated inflammation in cardiac tissues, leading to conditions such as cardiac dysfunction, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, or pericarditis.[45–47] While direct evidence linking the IFNGR2 gene to DCM is currently lacking in the literature, its potential involvement in disease progression may stem from the genetic diversity of DCM and the immunoinflammatory mechanism, leading to abnormal activation of the IFN-γ signaling pathway.