NLRP3 and colitis: MSC-Exosomes enriched with miRNA and proteins reduce FXR acetylation through the SIRT1-FXR axis, block NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and rapidly suppress excessive inflammation in intestinal macrophages [477]; The same exosomes also remodel the microbiota-metabolite network, upregulate FXR expression, restore barrier integrity, and reduce colitis inflammation [478], thus linking “immune suppression” with “microecological repair” into a closed-loop.