TP53 and breast cancer: Based on the above-discussed findings, it is concluded that BGNps exhibit strong cytotoxic activity against triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through a multifaceted mechanism involving ROS-induced genomic instability, mitochondrial dysfunction, and transcriptional dysregulation of key apoptotic and mitochondrial genes, ultimately activating intrinsic, p53-dependent apoptosis.